In the Second Degree

Principal in the Second Degree: a person who intentionally assists in the commission of the crime AND is present at the scene.

  • Treated as an accomplice—equal liability with the first-degree principal.
  • Examples: lookout, getaway driver waiting at the curb, person physically restraining the victim while another acts.
  • Mens rea: intent to assist + intent that the crime occur + mens rea of underlying offense.
  • Modern doctrine has largely collapsed the principal-1°/principal-2° distinction—both are simply "principals" or "accomplices" today.