Race and National Origin (pp. 634–657)

Rule: Essentially all government actions that classify citizens based on race trigger strict scrutiny—whether facially or with effect + purpose.

  • Standard: the law must be necessary to achieve a compelling purpose.
  • The action must be narrowly tailored to the specific compelling interest.
  • The government has the burden of proving the compelling purpose.
  • Generally, strict scrutiny is fatal.

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